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Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor, film director, and activist. He is credited with helping to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting. A cultural icon, Brando is most famous for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in ''On the Waterfront'' (1954) and Vito Corleone in ''The Godfather'' (1972), as well as influential performances in ''A Streetcar Named Desire'' (1951), ''Viva Zapata!'' (1952), ''Julius Caesar'' (1953), ''The Wild One'' (1953), ''Reflections in a Golden Eye'' (1967), ''Last Tango in Paris'' (1972) and ''Apocalypse Now'' (1979). Brando was also an activist, supporting many causes, notably the African-American Civil Rights Movement and various American Indian Movements. He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams' play ''A Streetcar Named Desire'', a role which he had originated successfully on Broadway. He received further praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in ''On the Waterfront'' (1954), and his portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in ''The Wild One'' (1953) proved to be a lasting image in popular culture. Brando was nominated for the Academy Award for playing Emiliano Zapata in ''Viva Zapata!''; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare's ''Julius Caesar''; and as Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in ''Sayonara'' (1957), an adaption of James Michener's 1954 novel. Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the decade, coming in at number 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, and number 4 in 1958. The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. He directed and starred in the cult western film ''One-Eyed Jacks'', a critical and commercial flop, after which he delivered a series of box-office failures, beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel ''Mutiny on the Bounty''. After 10 years, during which he did not appear in a successful film, he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola's ''The Godfather'', a role critics consider among his greatest. ''The Godfather'' was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time. Together with his Oscar-nominated performance in ''Last Tango in Paris'', Brando became re-established in the ranks of top box-office stars, placing him at number 6 and number 10 in Top 10 Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973, respectively. Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in ''The Missouri Breaks'' (1976). After this, he was content with being a highly paid character actor in parts that were glorified cameos, such as in ''Superman'' (1978) and ''The Formula'' (1980), before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures. According to the ''Guinness Book of World Records'', Brando was paid a record $3.7 million ($ million in inflation-adjusted dollars) and 11.75% of the gross profits for 13 days work on ''Superman''. He finished out the decade of the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film, ''Apocalypse Now'', a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s. Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest actor among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. Brando was one of only three professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by ''Time'' magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century.〔("Time 100 Persons of the Century." ) ''Time'', June 14, 1999.〕 He died on July 1, 2004 of respiratory failure at 80. ==Early life== Brando was born on April 3, 1924 in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr., a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and his wife, Dorothy Julia (née Pennebaker).〔Dimare 2011, pp. 580–582.〕 Brando had two older sisters, Jocelyn Brando (1919–2005) and Frances (1922–1994). Brando's ancestry included German, Dutch, English, and Irish.〔〔("Brando." ) ''The New Yorker,'' Volume 81, Issues 43–46, p. 39.〕〔Bly 1994, p. 11.〕 His patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New York in the early 1700s from the Palatinate of Germany.〔Kanfer 2008, pp. 5, 6.〕 Brando was raised a Christian Scientist.〔("The religion of Marlon Brando, actor." ) adherents.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.〕 Brando's mother, known as Dodie, was unconventional for her time; an actress herself, she smoked, wore trousers and drove cars – all unusual for women at the time – and was even a theatre administrator, helping Henry Fonda begin his acting career. However, she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from Chicago bars by her husband. In his autobiography, ''Songs My Mother Taught Me'', Brando expressed sadness when writing about his mother: "The anguish that her drinking produced was that she preferred getting drunk to caring for us."〔Brando, Marlon, (''Songs My Mother Taught Me'' ) (New York: Random House, 1994), p. 4. Via Google Books. Retrieved July 28, 2015.〕 Dodie and his father eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous.〔Brando, Marlon, (''Songs My Mother Taught Me'' ), p. 227. Via Google Books. Retrieved July 28, 2015.〕 Brando harbored far more enmity for his father, stating, "I was his namesake, but nothing I did ever pleased or even interested him. He enjoyed telling me I couldn't do anything right. He had a habit of telling me I would never amount to anything."〔Brando, Marlon, (''Songs My Mother Taught Me'' ), p. 7. Via Google Books. Retrieved July 28, 2015.〕 Brando's parents moved to Evanston, Illinois as his father's work took him to Chicago, but separated when the boy was 11 years old. His mother took the three children to Santa Ana, California, where they lived with her mother. In 1937, Brando's parents reconciled and moved together to Libertyville, Illinois, a small town north of Chicago.〔Kanfer 2008, p. 134.〕 In 1939 and 1941 he worked as an usher at the town's only movie theatre, The Liberty.〔Forrest, Lauren, "(A Look At Historical Libertyville )" in ''Drops of Ink'', May 5, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015.〕 Brando, whose childhood nickname was "Bud", was a mimic from his youth. He developed an ability to absorb the mannerisms of kids he played with and display them dramatically while staying in character. In the 2007 TCM biopic, ''Brando: The Documentary'', childhood friend George Englund recalls Brando's earliest acting as imitating the cows and horses on the family farm as a way to distract his mother from drinking. His sister Jocelyn Brando was the first to pursue an acting career, going to study at the American Academy of Dramatic Art in New York City. She appeared on Broadway, then films and television. Brando's sister Frances left college in California to study art in New York. Brando had been held back a year in school and was later expelled from Libertyville High School for riding his motorcycle through the corridors.〔Elder, Robert K. ("Marlon Brando, 1924–2004: Illinois youth full of anger, family strife." ) ''Chicago Tribune'', July 3, 2004.〕 He was sent to Shattuck Military Academy, where his father had studied before him. Brando excelled at theatre and did well in the school. In his final year (1943), he was put on probation for being insubordinate to a visiting army colonel during maneuvers. He was confined to his room, but sneaked into town and was caught. The faculty voted to expel him, though he was supported by the students, who thought expulsion was too harsh. He was invited back for the following year, but decided instead to drop out of high school. Brando worked as a ditch-digger as a summer job arranged by his father. He tried to enlist in the Army, but his induction physical revealed that a football injury he had sustained at Shattuck had left him with a trick knee. He was classified as a 4-F, and not inducted.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marlon Brando」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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